Web Reference: The idea of using only spring forces between all pairs of vertices, with ideal spring lengths equal to the vertices' graph-theoretic distance, is from Kamada & Kawai (1989). (u,v)∈E where pu and pv are the positions of vertices u and v. As this function has a trivial minimum with all vertices placed in the same location, the vertex set is partitioned into fixed and free The spring layout is typically generated by the Fruchterman–Reingold force-directed algorithm. This algorithm treats edges as springs holding nodes close while treating nodes as repelling objects and simulates the system until it reaches equilibrium.
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